日期:2022-03-10 10:12 點(diǎn)擊:
定語從句作為初中英語的難點(diǎn),在語篇閱讀中對定語從句的考查必不可少。因此掌握定語從句的簡單用法是非常有必要的。
在做此類試題時,首先確定先行詞是指物還是指人,指人就從that, who, whose, whom中選擇;指物就從that, which中選擇。然后再根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在從句中所作的成分來確定到底應(yīng)該用哪一個關(guān)系詞。
在復(fù)合句中作定語的從句叫定語從句。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞,通常位于定語從句之前。引導(dǎo)定語從句的是關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whose,whom和關(guān)系副詞when,where,why。關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞既起連接作用,又充當(dāng)從句中的一個成分。
關(guān)系詞 |
作用 |
先行詞 |
例句 |
that,who, whom(只作 賓語) |
主語、賓 語、表語 |
人 |
Do you know the old man who/that is standing under the tree?你認(rèn)識站在樹下的那個老人嗎? |
that,which |
主語、賓 語、表語 |
物 |
She got a computer which/that her parents bought for her.她有一臺電腦,這臺電腦是她父母買給她的。 |
whose |
定語 |
人/物 |
The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard.這個男孩學(xué)習(xí)非??炭?他爸爸是位醫(yī)生。 The room whose window is open is mine.開著窗戶的那個房間是我的。 |
when |
狀語 |
時間 |
I still remember the day when you left for Beijing.我仍然記得你前往北京的那一天。 |
where |
狀語 |
地點(diǎn) |
This is the school where my mother works.這就是我媽媽工作的那所學(xué)校。 |
why |
狀語 |
原因 |
Could you explain the reason why you were late?你能解釋一下你遲到的原因嗎? |
一般情況下,that既可指人又可指物,可以代替who,whom和which,在從句中作主語、表語或賓語;which指物,在從句中作主語、表語或賓語;who在從句中作主語、表語或賓語;whom在從句中作賓語;whose在從句中作定語。
A doctor is a person who looks after a patient.
先行詞 主語 謂語 賓語
句意:醫(yī)生就是照顧病人的人。
1.下列情況下,先行詞指物時,只能用that引導(dǎo),不能用which引導(dǎo):
(1)當(dāng)先行詞是all,little,much,none,everything,anything,nothing等代詞時。
Is there anything that you don’t understand?你有什么不懂的地方嗎?
Tom told his mother all that had happened.湯姆把發(fā)生的一切都告訴了他的媽媽。
(2)當(dāng)先行詞前面有the only,the very,the last等修飾時。
This is the only book that I can find.這是我能找到的唯一的一本書。
(3)當(dāng)序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾先行詞時。
This is the best book that I have ever read.這是我讀過的最好的書。
(4)當(dāng)主句是以特殊疑問詞which開頭的特殊疑問句時。
Which is the hotel that you like best?哪個是你最喜歡的旅館?
2.關(guān)系代詞的省略
一般情況下,關(guān)系代詞作賓語時可以省略,但關(guān)系代詞which,whom在從句中作介詞的賓語并且介詞位于關(guān)系代詞之前時,不能省略。
I’ll never forget the day on which I joined the club.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我加入俱樂部的那一天。
注意:that,which,who在從句中作主語時,不能省略。
Who is the boy that is talking with our teacher?正在和我們老師談話的那個男孩是誰?
This is the factory where my father works.
先行詞 地點(diǎn)狀語 主語 謂語
句意:這就是我爸爸工作的那個工廠。
1.when表示時間,在定語從句中作時間狀語。
I still remember the year when you graduated from No.8 Middle School.我依然記得你從八中畢業(yè)的那一年。
2.why表示原因,在定語從句中作原因狀語,其先行詞是表示原因的reason一詞。
We don’t know the reason why he was late for school.我們不知道他為什么上學(xué)遲到。
3.where表示地點(diǎn),在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。
That is the school where I studied three years ago.那就是我三年前就讀的學(xué)校。
Running Man is a very relaxing TV program which is popular among the young people.
主句:Running Man is a very relaxing TV program
從句:which is popular among the young people
先行詞:TV program
關(guān)系代詞:which
因此,如果確定是考查定語從句,我們就可以排除不是關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞的選項(xiàng),如:what。
在此過程中要掌握“三看”原則。
(1)一看指人還是物
先行詞指人:that,who, whose, whom
先行詞指物:that, which, whose
(2)二看句中作何用
主語 who(人), which(物), that(人/物)
賓語 who/whom(人), which(物), that(人/物)
定語 whose(人/物)
狀語 where(地點(diǎn)), when(時間), why(原因)
如:My brother likes the stories ______ were written by Mark Twain because they are often humorous. 先行詞(the stories)指物,關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語,可用關(guān)系代詞which/that。
如:He is the boy ______ I talked with just now. 先行詞(the boy)指人,關(guān)系詞在從句中作賓語,可用關(guān)系代詞whom/who/that/不填。
如:What‘s the name of the girl ______ father is a doctor? 先行詞(the girl)指人,關(guān)系詞在從句中作定語,可用關(guān)系代詞whose。
如:I still remember the day ________ our new school was built. 從句中不缺成分,先行詞(the day)指時間,關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語,可用關(guān)系副詞when。
(3)看是否是特殊情況:
關(guān)系詞只能用that的幾種情況
①當(dāng)先行詞是all, little, much, none, everything, anything, nothing等不定代詞時。如:
Tom told his mother all that had happened. 湯姆把全部情況告訴了他的媽媽。
②當(dāng)先行詞前面有the only, the very, the last等修飾時。如:
This is the only book that I can find. 這就是我能找到的唯一一本書。
③當(dāng)序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾先行詞時。如:
The tallest player that plays football for our team is from Shanghai. 為我們足球隊(duì)踢足球的那個最高的運(yùn)動員來自上海。
④當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時。如:
Let’s talk about the people and the things that we can remember. 讓我們談?wù)撐覀兡軌蛴浧鸬娜撕褪隆?/span>
關(guān)系詞只能用which的幾種情況:
①關(guān)系代詞放在介詞之后。如:
This is the factory in which we once worked. 這就是我們曾經(jīng)工作過的工廠。
②非限制性定語從句中。如:
This is a famous book, which was written by Lu Xun. 這是魯迅寫的一本有名的書。
③that, those作主語時。如:
Those which are on the desk are English books. 桌子上的那些是英語書。
用who而不用that的情況:
①當(dāng)先行詞為people和those時,只能用who。如:
Those who want to go there come here please. 那些想去那兒的人請來這邊。
②當(dāng)先行詞為one, ones, anyone, everyone, none, all(指人)時,只能用who。如:
Anyone who is against us is our enemy. 任何反對我們的人就是我們的敵人。
③先行詞指人,而關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時,一般多用who。如:
The man who came here yesterday said he would come again in a few days. 昨天來這兒的那個人說過幾天他會再來。
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