日期:2021-09-30 13:05 點(diǎn)擊:
語(yǔ)法可以說(shuō)是不少同學(xué)的心頭痛,今天小編就為大家整理了高考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法易錯(cuò)點(diǎn),內(nèi)容較長(zhǎng),語(yǔ)法薄弱的同學(xué)可以收藏起來(lái)慢慢看哦~
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有that,which,who(賓格whom),所有格whose)和關(guān)系副詞 where when why 等,關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom等在從句中分別作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),whose在從句中作定語(yǔ),而關(guān)系副詞when,where,why等在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
如:
I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together.
解析:在句①中,表示時(shí)間的名詞the days在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖菭钫Z(yǔ),所以用關(guān)系副詞when來(lái)代指,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the days;
而在句②中,表示時(shí)間的名詞the days在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)氖莿?dòng)詞spent的賓語(yǔ),所以用關(guān)系代詞that或which來(lái)代指。
同樣,表示地點(diǎn)或原因的名詞如果在從句中作狀語(yǔ),則用關(guān)系副詞where 或why來(lái)代指;如果在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),則用which或that來(lái)代替。 如:
①This is the factory where/in which I worked.(作狀語(yǔ))
②This is the factory that/which I visited years ago.(作賓語(yǔ))
注:當(dāng)先行詞為time,reason, place時(shí),引導(dǎo)詞可以省略。如:
This was the first (when/what) I had serious trouble with my boss.
That is the reason (why) I did it.
This is the place (where) we met yesterday.
另外,定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞的數(shù)相一致。如:
①M(fèi)r. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.
②He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.
解析:在句①中,先行詞foreigner被only修飾,強(qiáng)調(diào)只有一個(gè),所以從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,而在句②中,who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞the students,為復(fù)數(shù),所以從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為復(fù)數(shù)。
(一)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句與前面的的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系,“……的名詞”,而同位語(yǔ)從句是用來(lái)說(shuō)明前面名詞的內(nèi)容。與that從句同位的名詞必須是一些表示事實(shí)或概念的抽象名詞,
如:
fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。
That在定語(yǔ)從句中必須作成分,可用which或who/whom代替,而that在同位語(yǔ)從句中不充當(dāng)任何句子成分,只起連接作用。如:
Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas.
Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.
解析:在句①中,that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句解釋說(shuō)明promise的內(nèi)容,that不充當(dāng)任何句子成分,只起連接作用,而在句②中,that在其引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中作動(dòng)詞visited的賓語(yǔ),對(duì)先行詞the chicken farm起修飾作用。
(二)名詞性從句中,關(guān)于it作形式主語(yǔ)和形式賓語(yǔ)的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
1) 名詞性從句作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí),為保持句子平衡,常用it作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)。如:
It’s a pity that he don’t come to give a speech.(形式主語(yǔ))
We think it possible that you can finish the job today.(形式賓語(yǔ))
2)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love,
make等接由if或when 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)往往在從句前加上形式賓語(yǔ)it. 例如:
I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.
3)動(dòng)詞hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引導(dǎo)的病因從句式,往往在從句前加形式賓語(yǔ)it. 例如:
① I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon.
② we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.
4)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞answer for, count on depend on, insist on,
see to等后接有that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),必須冠以形式賓語(yǔ)it. 例如:① I’m counting on it that you will come. ② She’ll see to it that he goes ahead. 注:作形式主語(yǔ)和形式賓語(yǔ)時(shí)只能用it.
One泛指,指代前面提到的那類人或物,用于指代可數(shù)名詞,相當(dāng)于a+名詞單數(shù),其復(fù)數(shù)形式ones前一般要有定語(yǔ),否則就要用some.
That(those復(fù)數(shù))即可指代不可數(shù)名詞,表特指,相當(dāng)于the+名詞,后面經(jīng)常與介詞修飾語(yǔ)連用。 It指代上文出現(xiàn)的名詞,表示同類同物,另外還可表示時(shí)間、距離、天氣、還可指代人稱代詞,表示性別身份不明,可作形式主語(yǔ),形式賓語(yǔ),引導(dǎo)強(qiáng)調(diào)句式以及一些固定搭配,如:get it, catch it, make it.
例如:① I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丟了只表,我想我必須再買(mǎi)一只。(代指上文指到的同類事物,但不指同一個(gè))
② Where is my pen? Have you seen it?
我的鋼筆不知弄到哪去了,你見(jiàn)了嗎?(代指上文提到的同一事物)
③ The land of China is larger than that of America.
④ Tome has a red pen and a blue one (或two blue ones)
⑤ He has no child, and he wants toadopt one (或 some)
I 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在if 引導(dǎo)的條件句中的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)。
①if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
② if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.
句子①②都是虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件句中的使用,從句中都是假設(shè)過(guò)去的情況,所以用過(guò)去完成時(shí),但在主句中,句①依然指代過(guò)去的情況,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是would have done,而②中含有一個(gè)表示現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)now, 這樣就必須將其理解為假設(shè)現(xiàn)在的情況,所以謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須為would/should/might+動(dòng)詞原形,學(xué)生在這一點(diǎn)上經(jīng)常會(huì)忽略now的存在,從而按句①的形式填寫(xiě)答案。
Ⅱ虛擬語(yǔ)氣在名詞性從句中的用法
1.在it is important (strange, natural, necessary……)+that 句子或者It is decided (ordered,suggested, demanded, advised……)+that句子中,主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形結(jié)構(gòu),表示某事“重要”、“必要”、“被決定”等
例如: it is important that everyone (should ) obey the rules all day and all night.
it is decided that the meeting (should) be held tomorrow afternoon.
2. suggest, insist 后面指賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)需注意的地方
1)①suggest 當(dāng)“建議”“提出”講時(shí),其后賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用“should+動(dòng)詞原形” 例如:He suggested that the work (should) be started at once 他建議立即動(dòng)工。
類似的動(dòng)詞還有insist堅(jiān)持,demand要求,desire要求、請(qǐng)求,request請(qǐng)求,require要求、需要,order命令,propose建議,command命令,ask要求,advise建議,prefer寧愿等。 這些動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(如:It is suggested + that主語(yǔ)從句)形式后,主語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形” 這些動(dòng)詞變名詞(如suggestion)后,其后的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)部分仍用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”
②suggest 當(dāng)“提出(某看法),暗示,啟發(fā)”講時(shí),其后賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
例如:
The police suggested that the thief might be one of the family member
警察局提出竊賊可能是一名家庭成員。
Her yawns suggests that she is sleepy. 她打哈欠表明她困了。
Although he didn’t suggest that we __ the decision to swim across the river, but his look suggested that our decision __wrong.雖然他沒(méi)提出我們應(yīng)該終止游過(guò)這條河的決定,但他的表情表明我們的決定是錯(cuò)誤的。
A:stop; wasB: should stop; be
C: stopped ;wasD: stopped; should be
在這個(gè)句子中,前一個(gè)suggest當(dāng)“建議”“提出”講,而后一個(gè)作“表明”講,所以答案為“A”
2)①insist作“堅(jiān)決要求…該…;堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為…定要…”講時(shí),其后賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”
例如:I insisted that you (should) be there on time.我堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)時(shí)到那里去
②insist 作“堅(jiān)持(意見(jiàn),看法);堅(jiān)持說(shuō),確信”講時(shí),其后從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
如:He suggested (that) he heard someone in the next room. 他堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他聽(tīng)到隔壁屋子里有人。
1.在一般疑問(wèn)句中,無(wú)論肯定的問(wèn)或是否定的問(wèn),如果回答為肯定則用yes,反之則用no.特別注意如果出現(xiàn)省略則看下文所暗示的意義。
①—Are you a new comer?
—Yes, I came here only yesterday.
②—Isn’t Tom a good student?
—Yes, he is excellent.
③—Don’t you think the composition good?
—No, It can’t be any worse.
注意:在②③句中,當(dāng)回答的意思與問(wèn)句相一致時(shí),則用No,譯為“是的”,當(dāng)回答的意思與問(wèn)句相反時(shí),則用Yes,譯為“不”
2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must
① I must leave now, mustn’t I ?
② He must be in the classroom, isn’t ?(表推測(cè))
③ He must have finished his homework, hasn’t he ? (表現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果)
He must have finished his homework yesterday afternoon,didn’t he? (表過(guò)去)
當(dāng)句子中有表示猜測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),其反意疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成不能再用原句中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,而應(yīng)根據(jù)原句在去掉情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的情況下的主謂關(guān)系來(lái)確定其反問(wèn)形式。
非謂語(yǔ)與其邏輯主語(yǔ)(即動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或承受者)之間有三種關(guān)系,如為主謂關(guān)系,則用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式的主動(dòng)式;如為被動(dòng)關(guān)系則用過(guò)去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)(強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行)或不定式的被動(dòng)式(動(dòng)作將進(jìn)行);如既無(wú)主動(dòng)也無(wú)被動(dòng)關(guān)系則只能用狀語(yǔ)從句或獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(即非謂語(yǔ)加上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ))
Judging/considering/genrally speaking/supposing 指說(shuō)話者的動(dòng)作,故只用主動(dòng)式。
如:
Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam.
解析:從這個(gè)句子可以看出,句詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)he一致,并且是主謂關(guān)系,所以用了現(xiàn)在的分詞作狀語(yǔ),同時(shí),分詞的動(dòng)作明顯地發(fā)生在句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前,故采用了現(xiàn)代分詞的完成式。
In order to improve English , ________.
A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes.
B. Jenny’s father bought a lot of tapes for herself.
C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny.
D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father.
解析:根據(jù)不定式短語(yǔ)我們可以推知,句子的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是人而不是物,所以,應(yīng)該排除CD,再就是應(yīng)該是Jenny提高自己的英語(yǔ),而不是她爸爸,故答案先B.
———,we decided to go out for a walk.
A. It is fine B. It fine
C. Being fine D.It being fine
解析:主句主語(yǔ)we與動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)be fine之間既無(wú)主動(dòng)關(guān)系與無(wú)被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以要加上自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)It,由于不存在主、被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故不能選C項(xiàng),而應(yīng)該選D 項(xiàng)。
————more attention, the trees could have grown better. A. Given B.To give C.Giving D. Having giving
解析:give與主句的主語(yǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,故選A.如為主動(dòng)關(guān)系則選C.
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