日期:2023-09-05 09:43 點(diǎn)擊:
1、一些有兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式:glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。
2、如果主語(yǔ)用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名詞構(gòu)成時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
一般用單數(shù)形式。例如:A pair of shoes was on the desk.
3、并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式, 這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒(méi)有冠詞。例如: Truth and honesty is the best policy.
4、當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如: The teacher as well as the students was excited.
5、A (great) number of修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù); a great deal of, a large amount of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。
6、關(guān)系代詞who, that, which等在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí), 其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:Those who want to go please sign your names here.
7、季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學(xué)科名稱,球類、棋類名詞名稱前一般不加冠詞。 1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter
2. 形容詞的順序:
1、限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+新舊+顏色+國(guó)藉+材料。
2、某些以a-開(kāi)首的形容詞例如:afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake, alive 等只能作表語(yǔ),不能作定語(yǔ)。
3、某些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞:friendly,lively, lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly, timely等。
1)close接近地 closely仔細(xì)地,密切地
2)free 免費(fèi)地 freely自由地,無(wú)拘束地
3)hard努力地 hardly幾乎不
4)late 晚,遲 lately 近來(lái)
5)most 極,非常 mostly主要地
6)wide廣闊地,充分地 widely廣泛地
7)high高 highly高度地,非常地
8)deep深,遲 deeply抽象意義的“深”
9)loud大聲地 loudly大聲地(含有喧鬧的意思)
10)near鄰近 nearly幾乎
3. 比較級(jí),最高級(jí)
1、表示一方不及另一方時(shí),用“less+原級(jí)+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示:This room is less beautiful than that one.
2、表示一方超過(guò)另一方的程度或數(shù)量時(shí),可在比較級(jí)前加表示程度的狀語(yǔ),如:even,a lot,a bit,a little,still,much,far, yet, by far等修飾,例如:He works even harder than before.
3、by far 通常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)最高級(jí)。用于比較級(jí)時(shí),一般放在比較級(jí)的后面, 如放在前面,應(yīng)在二者中間加“the”。例如:He is taller by far than his brother.
4、某些以-or結(jié)尾的形容詞進(jìn)行比較時(shí),用to代替than。superior,junior,senior等。例如:He is superior to Mr. Wang in mathematics.
5、在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù)通常用that(Those),one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。
that指物,one既可指人,也可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。例如:The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk.
6、表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型:
A is three (four, etc.) times the size (height, length, width, etc) of B. 例如:The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one. 這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(四倍高)。[高三倍]
A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.例如:Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。
A is three (four, etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B. 例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours. 你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。
表示兩倍可以用 twice 或 double。
7、表示“最高程度”的形容詞,如excellent,extreme,perfect等,沒(méi)有最高級(jí),也不能用比較級(jí)。
4. so, such
1、如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many、few,不可數(shù)名詞前有much、little等表示量的形容詞時(shí),該用so而不用such。如:
I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.
2、當(dāng)little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時(shí),仍用such。如:
They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.
5. almost與nearly
1、在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如: I'm not nearly ready.
2、在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如: I almost never see her.
6. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1、need 表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),僅用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。例如:Need I finish the work today? --Yes, you must.
注意:needn't have done“表示本來(lái)不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。例如:You needn't have waited for me.
2、“should have done”表示應(yīng)該做到而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做到。例如:You should have started earlier.你應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)開(kāi)始。
3、“ought to have done”表示過(guò)去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。例如:You ought to have helped him (but you didn't) 。那時(shí)你應(yīng)該幫他的(但是你沒(méi)有)。
4、書報(bào)的標(biāo)題,小說(shuō)等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
5、表示感覺(jué),愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞如have, be, hear, see, like等詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
7. 主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表被動(dòng)
有些動(dòng)詞形式上是主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),但表示被動(dòng)的意思。常見(jiàn)的有可和 well, easily 等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞sell, wash, write, read, clean, cook等。例如:The cloth washes well.這布很經(jīng)洗。
8. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形
1、在動(dòng)詞 arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中用“(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形”(虛擬語(yǔ)氣)例如:We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
2、作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等名詞的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如:We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
9. +to
1、在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中,不定式不帶to。但是這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),就必須帶to。例如:He is often heard to sing the song.
2、不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to.例如:
-What do you like to do besides swim?
-I have no choice but to go.
10. 作定語(yǔ)的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。
1、There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.
例如:He is looking for a room to live in.
2、動(dòng)詞后可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),但不能用不定式:
admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can't help, can't stand(無(wú)法忍受)等。
例如:I tried not to go there. (我設(shè)法不去那里。)
I tried doing it again. (我試著又干了一次。)
3、mean to do 有意... mean doing意味著...
I mean to come early today. (我打算今天早些來(lái)。)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour. (誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。)
11. 動(dòng)詞need, require, want作“需要”解,其后跟動(dòng)詞作它的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),若表示的含義是被動(dòng)的,必須用動(dòng)名詞,或不定式的被動(dòng)式。
例如: The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).
在短語(yǔ)devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to, thank you for, excuse me for 等后的動(dòng)詞也必須用動(dòng)名詞形式,例如:
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk. (原因)
Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes. (原因,強(qiáng)調(diào)寫的過(guò)程,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動(dòng)式)
Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn't find his way through the jungle.(為了強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成的動(dòng)作)
Asked to stay, I couldn't very well refuse.
這里 asked 可能意味著 having been asked, 也可能意味著when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不會(huì)有歧義。
下面句中過(guò)去分詞表示的時(shí)間與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間相同,所以不能代之以強(qiáng)調(diào)先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。例如: Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地離開(kāi)了房間。 United, we stand; divided, we fall. 團(tuán)結(jié)則存,分裂則亡。 He used to live in London, use(d)n't he /didn't he?
There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)n't there /didn't there?
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they? He ought to be punished, oughtn't he?
但在正式文體中,用ought we not形式。例如:
We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?
12. 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must的句子表示推則,作“想必”解時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分不可用mustn't
1、若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),疑問(wèn)部分用aren't(isn't)十主語(yǔ),例如:You must be tired,aren't you?
2、若陳述部分的must表示“有必要”時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句部分則用needn't。例如:You must go home right now, needn't you?
3、當(dāng)mustn't 表示禁止時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)部分一般用must。如: You mustn't walk on grass, must you?
4、前句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是must have+過(guò)去分詞時(shí),若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)(一般有過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)),疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用didn't+主語(yǔ);若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成,疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用haven't(hasn't)+主語(yǔ), 例如: He must have met her yesterday, didn't he?
5、陳述句謂語(yǔ)部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時(shí)(前綴或后綴),疑問(wèn)部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:He is unfit for his office, isn't he?
6、如果陳述部分包含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little, nowhere, nothing等否定或半否定詞時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分用肯定形式。例如:He is hardly 14 years old, is he?
7、如果陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為everyone, someone, no one等不定代詞,其疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)可用he,也可用they。 例如:
Everyone knows his job, doesn't he?
Let's go there, shall we? Let us go there, will you?
13. 同位語(yǔ)從句跟在名詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容
引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞主要有fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。連接詞用that (不用which)及連接副詞how, when, where, why等。例如:
His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.
She asked the reason why there was a delay.
14. 關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情況如下:
1、在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中。例如:
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
2、在主語(yǔ)從句中,只有用it作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí),whether和if都能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,否則,也只能用whether。例如:
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet. It hasn't been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.
3、在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略)例如:
It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
4、后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。例如:
He doesn't know whether to stay or not.
5、后面緊接or not 時(shí)。例如:
We didn't know whether or not she was ready.
6、引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,只能用whether。例如:
Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.
7、用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)。例如:Please let me know if you like it. 該句有兩個(gè)意思:“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否喜歡”?;?ldquo;如果你喜歡,請(qǐng)告訴我。”用了whether就可以避免。
15. 在下面幾種情況下必須用“that”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句:
1、先行詞是不定代詞:all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。例如:
All that we have to do is to practice every day.
2、先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾。例如:
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3、先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some, 等修飾。例如:I have read all the book (that) you gave me.
4、先行詞被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修飾時(shí)。 例如:He is the only person that I want to talk to.
5、先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。例如:They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
16. 先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),要根據(jù)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物的還是不及物的。
1、如果是及物的就用that(which),否則用where。例如:This is the house where he lived last year.
2、用no sooner…than和hardly…when引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛……就……”。
17. 倒裝
1、主句中的動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí),從句用過(guò)去時(shí);而且主句一般倒裝,把助動(dòng)詞had提到前面。例如:Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
2、代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),主謂語(yǔ)序不變。例如:Here it is. Here he comes.
3、當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組時(shí)也常常引起全部倒裝。例如:South of the city lies a big steel factory. From the valley came a frightening sound.
4、表語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí),倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”。例如:Present at the meeting were Professor White, Professor Smith and many other guests.
5、部分倒裝
A)用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如:Had you reviewed your lessons, you might have passed the examination.
B)用于“形容詞(或名詞、動(dòng)詞)+as(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中。例如:Pretty as she is ,she is not clever. Try as he would, he might fail again.
C)如果從句的表語(yǔ)是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。例如:Child as he was, he had to make a living.
D)用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。例如:Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
E)用于never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, often, at no time, not only, not once等詞開(kāi)頭的句子。 例如:Never shall I do this again.
Little did he know who the woman was.
F)用于以only開(kāi)頭的句子(only修飾副詞,介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí))。例如:Only this afternoon did I finish the novel.
G)如果only后面的詞組不是狀語(yǔ),則不用倒裝。 例如:Only Wang Ling knows this.
H)用于某些表示祝愿的句子。例如:May you succeed! 祝你成功!
18. 特殊的名詞復(fù)數(shù)
stomach-stomachs,
a German-three Germans,
an American-two Americans,
man cook - men cooks;
papers 報(bào)紙, 文件
manners禮貌
drinks飲料
in a word 簡(jiǎn)言之
in other words 換句話說(shuō)
have words with 與某人吵嘴
have a few words (a word) with sb.與某人說(shuō)幾句話
某些集體名詞, 如people, police, cattle等, 只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:The police are searching for him.
思源教育(原上海交大思源進(jìn)修學(xué)院,簡(jiǎn)稱思源教育)成立于1996年,自建校以來(lái),秉承校訓(xùn),提供專業(yè)的高考高復(fù)、三校生高復(fù)、藝考生文化課等,學(xué)生遍及全市各區(qū),至今已幫助六萬(wàn)多余名學(xué)子取得優(yōu)異成績(jī),成功考入理想的各級(jí)院校!20余年來(lái)思源已成為“中考教學(xué)研究中心”、“中學(xué)個(gè)性化學(xué)習(xí)教育基地”、“快速學(xué)習(xí)法”實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校。
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