（一）無靈主語

1、心理，情緒：(a burst/wave/sense) +情感名詞+有靈動(dòng)詞+sb.

（1）Mary felt a wave of anger sweep over her.瑪麗感到一陣憤怒。

（2）Guilt and worry flooded over her. 內(nèi)疚和擔(dān)憂一陣陣涌上她的心頭。

（3）Before the competition her confidence suddenly failed her。她在比賽前突然失去了信心。

2、主語是表示身體部位/音容笑貌的名詞+有靈動(dòng)詞

（1）My fingers shook with anger, so that I could not go on sewing.我氣得手指發(fā)抖,沒法繼續(xù)縫了。

（2）I was relieved when a bright, sweet voice interrupted us.

（3）The moment he saw the familiar handwriting, tears welled up in his eyes. 

他一看到熟悉的字跡,便淚如泉涌

3、The sight/thought ... of sth.+made sb.+表情感的形容詞/filled sb. with+表情感的名詞

常見的表示行為或動(dòng)作的名詞有:sight, thought, sense, visit, arrival等。

謂語:send, remind, embarrass, bore, drive (驅(qū)使)等動(dòng)詞。 

（1）The thought of getting lost in such darkness filled us with worry and fear

At the thought of homework, I frowned.

（2）表自然現(xiàn)象等的名詞+有靈動(dòng)詞

The thick fog blanketed the field. 濃霧籠罩著整個(gè)大地。

（3）表時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)的名詞+witnessed/found/saw+名詞

The following year saw the death of his mother. 第二年他的媽媽去世了。

The path led us to an ancient town.  沿著小路,我們來到一個(gè)古鎮(zhèn)。

4、無生命事物做主語，用于結(jié)尾

（1）The words still lingered in one’s mind. 那些話還縈繞在心頭

（2）The experience enlightened him that..... 這段經(jīng)歷讓他明白...

（3）The story taught us that never should we judge a book by its cover.

（二）定語從句

1、名詞/代詞+that/who/where ...等引導(dǎo)的定語從句

名詞/代詞指物時(shí),用that/which, 指人時(shí)用that/who/whom,

指地點(diǎn)/時(shí)間時(shí),從句中缺狀語,分別用where, when, 名詞是reason,從句中缺狀語用why。 

（1）He took her down to a room where there were books and pictures. 

（2）She looked at the presents for her mother which were in a basket under a chair.

2、名詞/代詞, which/who/where/as ...等引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句

主句與從句用逗號(hào)隔開。which可譯為“這一點(diǎn)”, as引導(dǎo)該句式意為“正如”。

（1）Hannah, who had brought wood, made a fire.漢娜帶來了木柴,燃起了爐火。

（2）He kept a perfectly calm tone, which calmed me down他的語氣非常平靜,這使我平靜下來。

3、主句, whose+表身體部位的名詞+謂語動(dòng)詞 whose+ n.作定語 

（1）The twins gazed at their mother, whose eyes were filled with tears of joy.

（三）狀語從句

1、形容詞(短語), 主+謂…… 表達(dá)人物做某動(dòng)作的原因、結(jié)果或狀態(tài),可放在句首或句末,增強(qiáng)感染力。

（1）Exhausted, he flopped down into a chair.他筋疲力盡,一屁股坐到椅子上。

（2）Eager to see her beloved daughter, the woman quickened her pace towards the building.（因?yàn)椋┘庇谝姷剿膼鄣呐畠?，這位婦女加快步伐向那座建筑物走去。

2 、as/though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句

（1）Hard as he worked, he still couldn't catch up with the rest of the class.

盡管他很努力，但他仍然趕不上班上的其他同學(xué)。

（2）Brave as he appeared, he was actually trembling with fear inside.

盡管他看起來很勇敢，但內(nèi)心實(shí)際上在因害怕而顫抖。

（四）非謂語

1、 V-ing,主句或者主句, V-ing. (兩動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)

Shouting for help, he ran towards the nearest house. 他大聲呼救著，跑向最近的房子。

Feeling ecstatic,she dashed out of the room like a wind. 她(感到)欣喜若狂，像風(fēng)一樣沖出了房間。

He ran across the finish line, grinning with pride and joy.

他跑過終點(diǎn)線時(shí)，驕傲和喜悅的笑容洋溢在臉上。

2、Having done sth, 主句. (兩動(dòng)作先后發(fā)生)

（1）Having waved goodbye, she turned and walked away.

揮手告別后，她轉(zhuǎn)身離去。

（2）Having finished the work, he felt a great sense of achievement.

完成這項(xiàng)工作后，他感到了一種巨大的成就感。

3、V-ed,主句，V-ing. (情緒形容詞+2個(gè)動(dòng)作)

Relieved and overjoyed,we yelled at the helicopter,trying to catch its attention.

我們松了一口氣，欣喜若狂，對(duì)直升機(jī)大喊大叫，試圖引起它的注意。

Regretful and embarrassed. I admitted the lack of consideration, longing for another chance to make it up. 遺憾和尷尬，我承認(rèn)缺乏考慮，渴望再有一次機(jī)會(huì)來彌補(bǔ)。

（五）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

1、邏輯主語+非謂語(ing/ed/to do), 主句.

（With）tears welling up in his eyes , he thanked the police in a trembling voice.

（With）With everything well prepared, they carried the breakfast upstairs.

（With）With loads of homework to do, I had no option but to deal with it.

2、獨(dú)立主格-常用肢體語言：

Eyes filled with tears，sb did sth. (眼里被淚水填滿，某人做某事)

Face blushing scarlet, he apologized for what he had lone. (羞愧臉紅，道歉)

Her heart burning with frustration，she did sth.(內(nèi)心因沮喪而燃燒煎熬，她...)

（六）巧用with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

1、with+情感名詞/with one's eyes full of/filled with +(tears of+)情感名詞,主+謂

如with delight/anger/terror“高興地/生氣地/驚恐地”等或with one’s eyes full of/filled with happiness“雙眸里滿是喜悅”等作伴隨狀語,可使描寫更生動(dòng)。 

（1）Mrs. Fairfax announced with great excitement that she was planning a house-party.

（2）He froze, with his eyes full of horror. 他呆住了,眼里滿是恐懼。

2、with+sth.+doing/done/to do +主+謂 該結(jié)構(gòu)表原因、結(jié)果或伴隨狀態(tài)。

如with a wave of excitement welling up inside her“一陣激動(dòng)涌上心頭”。 

（1）He stood silently, with tears rolling down his cheeks.

他靜靜地站著,眼淚流下他的臉頰。

（2）With her plan ruined, she let out/uttered a cry of anger

她的計(jì)劃被毀,她憤怒地大叫一聲。

3、 with+(形容詞)+身體部位的名詞+主+謂

如with her pale lips“用她蒼白的嘴唇”, with her trembling hand“用她顫抖的手”等。 

（1）He opened the door with a shaking hand.他用顫抖的手打開了門。

（七）名詞性從句添亮點(diǎn)

1、 主語從句

（1）That/Whether/Wh-等引導(dǎo)的主語從句+謂語

What interested us most were three crosses in red ink.我們最感興趣的是用紅墨水畫的三個(gè)叉。

（2）it形式主語的主語從句: it be+adj.(clear/obvious...)+that從句

It was obvious that she could do nothing but wait. 

2、賓語從句

（1）主語+謂語+that/what/whether...+賓語從句

從句作賓語,位于及物動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞短語、形容詞或介詞(短語)之后,如表“是否”用if/whether引導(dǎo)。

Jo discovered that Laurie loved books as much as she did.瓊發(fā)現(xiàn)羅瑞和她一樣愛書。

3、表語從句

（1）主語+系動(dòng)詞+that/what/when...+表語從句

it seems/looks as if/though“看似……”。 

The fact is that a small smile may make a big difference.事實(shí)是一個(gè)小小的微笑可能會(huì)有很大的不同。

4、同位語從句

（1）名詞+that/whether/wh-等引導(dǎo)的同位語從句

該句式中的名詞通常是表事實(shí)的抽象名詞,如fact, hope, idea, news, thought, advice, doubt等。 

I received a message that I was wanted in the cabin.我收到消息,說船艙那需要我過去。

5、表“某人想到……”的句式,比sb. thought+that 從句更高級(jí)。

（1）idea, thought ...+ hit/struck/occurred to/dawned on sb.

也可用it作形式主語:構(gòu)成It suddenly hit/struck/occurred to/dawned on sb. that ... 

Then it struck/hit/occurred to Arthur that it was he that could solve the problem at that moment.

然后亞瑟想到那時(shí)就是他可以解決這個(gè)問題。

（2） sth. crossed/flashed through/came to/popped into sb.’s mind

該句式也可用it作形式主語: It crossed/flashed through/came to/popped into sb.’s mind that...。

The thought crossed her mind that she had left the door open.她突然想起她沒關(guān)門。

（3）one’s mind began to race/one’s mind raced某人開始轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)腦筋/某人拼命地轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)腦筋

該句式中race意為“快速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”。 

My mind raced as I tried to work out what was happening.

（八）借虛擬語氣傳情達(dá)意

1、主語+wish sb. did/had done/could do真希望……

對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的假設(shè)用did或were;對(duì)過去事實(shí)的假設(shè)用had done;

對(duì)將來事實(shí)的假設(shè)用would/could/might do。 

（1）“I wish we could help him to earn money,”said Clara.

2、Without/But for+名詞,sb. would do/would have done沒有/要不是……的話,某人就……

對(duì)現(xiàn)在事實(shí)的假設(shè)用would do; 對(duì)過去事實(shí)的假設(shè)用would have done。 

（1）Without setbacks, our life would not be filled with wonderful stories.

如果沒有挫折,我們的人生就不會(huì)充滿精彩的故事。

（2）But for this experience, I wouldn’t have realized I should spend more time with my family.

要不是這次經(jīng)歷,我不會(huì)意識(shí)到我應(yīng)該花更多的時(shí)間和家人在一起。

3、if only sb. did/had done要是……就好了

If only+主語+did/were現(xiàn)在的愿望;

If only+主語+had done過去的愿望;

If only+主語+could do將來的愿望。

（1）If only she had not left her mobile phone in that bag with Tom.

（九）構(gòu)建極具畫面感的倒裝句

1、地點(diǎn)狀語 （副詞/介詞短語) 全部倒裝

In front of her was another long passage . 在她的前面是另一條長長的通道

（2）Down the hill ran the children.孩子們跑下山了。

（3）Hearing the dog barking fiercely, away fled the thief.聽到狗狂吠,小偷逃走了。

2、否定詞（seldom, rarely, never, little）放在句首，后面句子用“一般疑問句”語序

（1）Never did she expect that a simple act of kindness would change someone's life forever.

她從未料到一次簡單的善舉會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)改變一個(gè)人的生活。

（2）Hardly could the family contain their joy when they received the good news.

當(dāng)收到這個(gè)好消息時(shí)，這家人幾乎無法抑制他們的喜悅。

（3）No sooner had I had finished the ice cream than mom came in.

3、only+狀語 （部分倒裝）

（1）Only with father’s help could the twins finish cooking the breakfast

（2）Only when he faced a challenge did he realize his true potential. 

只有當(dāng)他面對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)，他才意識(shí)到自己的真正潛力。

4、So......that ... Such......that ... （部分倒裝） 

（1）So exhausted was my father that he fell asleep as soon as his head hit the pillow.我父親太累了，以至于他頭一碰到枕頭就睡著了。

（2）Such a funny story that it still lingered in his mind. 

5、Not only+倒裝，but also +陳述語氣

（1）Not only was Jane exhausted and hungry, but she was also regretful for what she had done.

（十）適時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)

1、 It is/was ... who/that ...　強(qiáng)調(diào)句 （點(diǎn)題）

（1）It was through commitment and sweat that I can change myself inside and out.

正是通過投入和汗水，我才能徹底改變自己。

（2）It was your effort that determined whether you can succeed.是你的努力決定你是否成功。

（3）It was on that day that he realized that what his son needed was nothing but company.

是在那一天，他才意識(shí)到他兒子需要的僅僅是陪伴。

（十一）恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用感嘆

1 What+a/an+形容詞+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+主語+謂語

（1）What a terrible expression he had on his face!

2 What+形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞/可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)(+主語+謂語)!　

3 How+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+主語+謂語!/

（1）How terrible an expression he had on his face!

4 How +形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!/How+主語+謂語!

（十二）生動(dòng)形象的比喻

1、明喻:A+表“像”的詞匯+B　A像B

明喻是將具有某種共同特征的兩種不同事物連接起來的一種修辭手法。

明喻的標(biāo)志詞常用like, as, as if/though。 

（1）filled with+情緒， sb do like a ...

Filled with rage, he charged me like a furious bull.他滿腔怒火，如公牛向我沖來

Falling into sadness, Rose buried her face in her arms like a deflated balloon. 泄了氣的氣球

Drowned in laughter, Jimmy dashed out of the school gate like a free bird.

2、明喻:A+as +adj./adv.+as + a(n) +B

常見的as ... as ...結(jié)構(gòu)有:as busy as a bee忙忙碌碌; as hungry as a wolf饑腸轆轆; 

as proud as a peacock傲如孔雀; as brave as a lion勇猛如獅; as pretty as a picture美如畫

as nervous as a cat on hot bricks 急得像熱鍋上的螞蟻 as pale as a sheet 蒼白的像一張床單

3、暗喻:A+be動(dòng)詞+B　A是B

暗喻是直接將A事物當(dāng)作B事物描寫, A和B事物之間的聯(lián)系或相似之處是暗含的。不用like, as if等標(biāo)志詞,通過be動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞產(chǎn)生聯(lián)系。 

（1）Life is an unexplored river, full of twists and turns.生活就像一條未被涉足的河流,有各種曲折。

（2）He just parrots what other people say.他只會(huì)鸚鵡學(xué)舌。